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例句： They have been opportunities, as the Indian government has highlighted those aspects of India’s energy transition that have been relatively costless and politically unproblematic.

这些主张实际上是机遇的体现，印度政府特别强调了在能源转型过程中成本较低、政治风险较小的方面。

例句： As caste continues to restrict social mobility and create uneven opportunities, one must consider the possibility that the worst problems of energy poverty and environmental degradation are felt by lower-caste and tribal populations.

由于种姓制度限制了社会流动性、造成机会不均，我们必须意识到，能源贫困和环境退化问题往往对底层种姓和部落人口影响最为严重。

例句： The average American emitted almost thirty times as much as the average Indian.

在这种悬殊的对比下，一个普通美国人的排放量几乎是一个普通印度人的三十倍。

例句： In the case of agriculture too, with India primarily an agrarian economy, and with the majority of farmers being subsistence or small producers, commercial farmers with exportable surpluses constituting a minuscule minority, the government saw a public interest role for itself, for instance in making seed cheaply and widely available and in encouraging national self-sufficiency and food security.

在农业方面，由于印度主要是一个以农业为主的经济体，绝大多数农民为自给农户或小规模生产者，仅有少数商业农户拥有可出口的剩余产量，政府认为自己在确保种子的低价广泛供应以及推动国家粮食自足和安全方面承担着公共利益的责任。

例句： The North had a moral responsibility to assist the developing countries by transferring the technology.

因此，北方国家应当承担道德责任，通过技术转让协助发展中国家。

例句： A particularly complicated but important feature of Indian society is the caste system.

种姓制度是印度社会特别复杂但又十分重要的存在。

例句： The village population has doubled between 1957 and 1993, meaning that per capita land availability is half of what it used to be.

从1957年到1993年，村里的人口增加了一倍，导致人均土地资源仅剩下原先的一半。

例句： Word spread throughout India (including areas without a sterilization program) of some of the excesses committed by state governments aggressively carrying out the sterilization campaign: quotas assigned to local school teachers and other government officials; villagers who could not obtain loans or licenses unless they agreed to sterilization; government officials who, desperately seeking to meet their quotas (or paying the penalty of not receiving their dearness allowances) forcibly dragging villagers, young and old, to nearby sterilization camps; hastily constructed sterilization camps where some patients became infected or died; police firings at Turkman gate in Delhi and in parts of Uttar Pradesh when there were clashes between local people and government officials; slum dwellers who were told that their houses would be removed by government bulldozers unless they agreed to being sterilized.

关于邦政府在强力推进绝育运动中所犯的过激行为的消息在全印度传开，包括那些未实施绝育计划的地区。消息包括：给予地方学校教师和政府官员绝育任务配额；村民若不接受绝育则无法获得贷款或许可；政府官员为了完成任务配额（或避免生活补贴的损失）强行将村民带往绝育营；在匆忙设立的绝育营中，部分病人因感染或其他原因死亡；在德里的图克曼门和北方邦部分地区，警察在当地居民与政府官员冲突时开枪；贫民窟的居民被告知，如果不接受绝育，他们的房屋将被政府的推土机推倒。

例句： When the Convention on Biological Diversity was finally negotiated, it was a relatively toothless instrument with no provisions for enforcement.

当《生物多样性公约》终于达成时，它实际上是一份缺乏强制执行力的文件。

例句： In the negotiations on the Montreal Protocol of 1987 to stop ozone depletion to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992, India established itself as a staunch defender of national sovereignty and poor countries’ right to pursue economic development on their own terms.

从1987年《蒙特利尔议定书》关于阻止臭氧层耗竭的谈判，到1992年联合国气候变化框架公约，印度一直是坚定地捍卫国家主权及贫困国家按照自身条件追求经济发展的倡导者。

例句： Thus, in the case of pharmaceuticals, the need to make drugs cheaply and widely available to the predominantly poor population of India was the main logic behind the government's encouragement of local innovation and competition by allowing only process patents, as well as its retention of broad compulsory licensing powers in order to keep the prices of essential drugs under control.

在制药领域，为了确保药品对广大贫困人口的廉价且广泛供应，政府通过仅允许工艺专利、保留强制许可权来鼓励本地创新和竞争，以控制基本药物的价格。

例句： A key moment for India’s environmental movement was the March 1973 Chipko “tree hugger” movement consisting of “unlettered peasants threatening to hug trees to prevent them from being cut.”

印度环保运动的一个关键时刻是 1973 年 3 月的 Chipko "树木拥抱者 "运动，该运动由 "不学无术的农民威胁要拥抱树木，以防止树木被砍伐 "组成。

例句： India’s energy policy aims to minimize the growth of oil use to strengthen energy security, while encouraging the expansion of domestic coal production.

印度的能源政策旨在通过最小化石油使用的增长来加强能源安全，同时鼓励扩大国内煤炭生产。

例句： The catch, of course, was that population growth made the accumulation of wealth difficult, especially under the colonial rule.

然而，无可避免的是，人口的快速增长使得在殖民统治下的财富积累变得尤为困难。

例句： Cooking fuel access was far worse, with only 6 percent of all rural households being able to access liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), the dominant clean cooking fuel in India.

而烹饪燃料的情况更为严峻，仅有6%的农村住户能够获取液化石油气（LPG）——印度主流的清洁燃烧燃料。

例句： The environment could not be separated from livelihoods in a predominantly agrarian society, and a typical environmental problem might be land degradation instead of, say, air pollution or climate change. Environment as such was not a notable concern, with the exception of the degraded forests left behind by the British.

在一个以农业为生命线的社会中，环境与生计紧密相连（息息相关），当时，人们更多担忧的是土地退化，而不是气候变化或空气污染这样的现代问题，然而，除了那些英国殖民者留下的退化森林之外，环境保护并未引起足够的关注。

例句： India’s energy policy aims to minimize the growth of oil use to strengthen energy security, while encouraging the expansion of domestic coal production.

印度的能源政策旨在通过最小化石油使用的增长来加强能源安全，同时鼓励扩大国内煤炭生产。

例句： It is already the third largest economy in the world, behind only the United States and China, when measured in terms of purchasing power parity—that is, considering the low cost of goods and services in India.

以购买力平价为衡量标准（考虑到印度商品和服务的低成本），印度已经成为仅次于美国和中国的世界第三大经济体。

例句： Where population grew fast but technology stagnated, rural development stalled.

然而，当人口迅速膨胀而技术发展缓慢时，农村发展举步维艰。

例句： Word spread throughout India (including areas without a sterilization program) of some of the excesses committed by state governments aggressively carrying out the sterilization campaign: quotas assigned to local school teachers and other government officials; villagers who could not obtain loans or licenses unless they agreed to sterilization; government officials who, desperately seeking to meet their quotas (or paying the penalty of not receiving their dearness allowances) forcibly dragging villagers, young and old, to nearby sterilization camps; hastily constructed sterilization camps where some patients became infected or died; police firings at Turkman gate in Delhi and in parts of Uttar Pradesh when there were clashes between local people and government officials; slum dwellers who were told that their houses would be removed by government bulldozers unless they agreed to being sterilized.

关于邦政府在强力推进绝育运动中所犯的过激行为的消息在全印度传开，包括那些未实施绝育计划的地区。消息包括：给予地方学校教师和政府官员绝育任务配额；村民若不接受绝育则无法获得贷款或许可；政府官员为了完成任务配额（或避免生活补贴的损失）强行将村民带往绝育营；在匆忙设立的绝育营中，部分病人因感染或其他原因死亡；在德里的图克曼门和北方邦部分地区，警察在当地居民与政府官员冲突时开枪；贫民窟的居民被告知，如果不接受绝育，他们的房屋将被政府的推土机推倒。

例句： The village population has doubled between 1957 and 1993, meaning that per capita land availability is half of what it used to be.

从1957年到1993年，村里的人口增加了一倍，导致人均土地资源仅剩下原先的一半。

例句： It is true that the Chipko tree hugger movement and the movement against dams achieved some high-profile victories, but India’s own economic stagnation did far more to protect the environment than these movements.

不可否认，Chipko抱树运动和反坝运动确实取得了令人瞩目的胜利。但相比之下，印度本身的经济停滞对环境保护的贡献更为显著。

例句： This results in a population density of 455 people per square kilometer in 2018.

据此可知，2018 年的人口密度为每平方公里 455 人。

例句： It is only a slight exaggeration to say that India’s framework for dealing with global environmental politics was colored by a colonial history, and the lingering distrust toward industrialized countries.

可以说，印度应对全球环境政治的策略在很大程度上受到了其殖民历史的影响，以及对工业化国家长期的不信任感。

例句： For comparison purposes, the Indian government reports that 238 million people lived within the boundaries of contemporary India in 1901.

相对地，印度政府的数据显示，当时印度境内有2.38亿人口居住。

例句： Considered one of the three cradles of human civilization along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley Civilization was of the Bronze Age.

印度河流域、古埃及和美索不达米亚并称为人类文明的三大摇篮。

例句： When the Indus Valley Civilization collapsed, Indo-Aryan people migrated into the northwestern parts of India and the Vedic age (1500–500 B.C.) began.

在印度河流域文明衰落后，印度雅利安人移居到印度西北部，开始了维达时代（公元前1500年至公元前500年）。

例句： In a form of affirmative action, these Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) have their reserved electoral constituencies, public employment, and social benefit schemes.

这些种姓被称为在册种姓（Scheduled Castes，简称SC），而这些部落被称为在册部落（Scheduled Tribes，简称ST）。这些在册种姓和在册部落拥有自己的保留选区、公共就业和社会福利计划。

例句： In his capacity as the state minister of environment and forests, Ramesh abandoned India’s traditional position in global climate negotiations and suggested that India would contribute to the global climate regime.

拉梅什放弃了印度在全球气候谈判中的传统立场，建议印度为全球气候机制做出贡献。谈判中的传统立场，建议印度为全球气候机制做出贡献。

例句： The movement focuses on “the creation and diffusion of resource conservation, labour intensive, and socially liberating technologies.”

这一运动的核心是推动资源节约、劳动密集和社会解放的新技术。

例句： The Green Revolution was a development of major import to India, as it brought modern environmental concerns to public view.

绿色革命对印度的社会经济格局产生了深远的影响，尤其是在引入现代环境议题至公共领域方面（合二为一：绿色革命无疑为印度的农业和环境治理带来了前所未有的转变。）。对印度的社会经济格局产生了深远的影响，尤其是在引入现代环境议题至公共领域方面（合二为一：绿色革命无疑为印度的农业和环境治理带来了前所未有的转变。）。

例句： The government attempted to kick-start the sector with capital investments in heavy industry. The combination of scarce capital, limited demand from the broader economy for heavy industry products, and autarkic trade policies made expansion difficult.

政府寄望于对重工业的资本注入来激活这一行业，但却面临着资本短缺、市场需求不足以及封闭的贸易政策的三重困境。

例句： Where countries like South Korea used state intervention to spur productivity growth in private industry, the Indian state’s developmental programs failed in the face of stiff resistance from industrialists.

韩国等国通过国家策略有效促进了私营产业生产力的增长，而印度在面临工业家固守的反对下，其发展计划宣告失败。

例句： These rigid structures have reduced social mobility and minimized the pace of socioeconomic change in society, as Indians were born into certain positions in society that were, until recently, very difficult to change.

这些僵化的结构降低了社会流动性，阻碍了经济发展的速度，印度人从一出生，社会等级便已被决定（已注定）（印度人从一开始便由出生决定社会等级），即使到现在，也无法改变自身所属社会等级。

例句： As Rangan notes, “Chipko was a social movement that emerged in the Garhwal Himalaya. Today, transformed by a variety of narratives, it exists as a myth.”

Rangan有感而发道：“Chipko，这场源于加尔瓦尔喜马拉雅的社会运动，在多重叙事的雕琢下，今已化为传说。”何以此运动如此触动人心？因为它直面这时代的环境难题，展现了弱者同样有力量，为世界四方的基层行动注入了希望。

例句： Where technological progress dominated, agricultural surplus contributed to social and economic development more broadly.

当技术进步占据上风时，农业的经济盈余为更为宏观的社会经济格局注入了活力。

例句： Against this relentless logic of population growth, economic development originates from improved agricultural technology and nonfarm economic opportunities.

面对不断增长的人口压力，经济发展源自农业技术的创新及非农领域的经济机遇。

例句： Considered one of the three cradles of human civilization along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley Civilization was of the Bronze Age.

印度河流域、古埃及和美索不达米亚并称为人类文明的三大摇篮。

例句： From the deep undercurrents of precolonial India to the trauma of British colonialism and the trials and tribulations of central planning after independence, India has gone through a wide range of social arrangements that continue to affect norms, attitudes, and behaviors in the twenty-first century.

无论是从前殖民时期印度的深层暗流，还是英国殖民主义的创伤，再到独立后的中央规划的艰辛和挣扎，印度经历了一系列社会变革，持续影响着二十一世纪的印度社会中的规范、态度和行为方式。

例句： In 1865, the Indian Forest Act was the "first attempt at asserting state monopoly."

1865 年，政府颁布《印度森林法》，这是 "国家垄断的首次尝试"。

例句： While great improvements in yield per acre did reduce land use pressure, excessive use of water and chemicals contributed to serious environmental problems, ranging from groundwater scarcity to soil degradation and contamination of drinking water supplies.

诚然，单位面积的产量显著增长确实缓解了土地的使用压力，但过度消耗水资源、滥用化学物质造成了严重的环境问题，如地下水减少、土壤退化以及饮用水污染。

例句： On the positive side, India's fertility rate, which is the number of births per woman, has significantly decreased over time.

从积极的一面来看，随着时间的推移，印度的生育率（即每名妇女的平均生育数）已显著下降。

例句： Different governments conducted their own investigations and tried to decide whether they should embrace or contest the emerging idea of global climate cooperation.

各国政府各自进行调查，纠结于是应该拥抱这一新兴的全球气候合作理念，还是应该对其提出质疑和反驳。

例句： From an environmental perspective, India’s energy security problem is both an important driver of action and a potential bottleneck.

从环境角度来看，印度的能源安全问题既是行动的重要驱动因素，也是潜在的瓶颈。

例句： Word spread throughout India (including areas without a sterilization program) of some of the excesses committed by state governments aggressively carrying out the sterilization campaign: quotas assigned to local school teachers and other government officials; villagers who could not obtain loans or licenses unless they agreed to sterilization; government officials who, desperately seeking to meet their quotas (or paying the penalty of not receiving their dearness allowances) forcibly dragging villagers, young and old, to nearby sterilization camps; hastily constructed sterilization camps where some patients became infected or died; police firings at Turkman gate in Delhi and in parts of Uttar Pradesh when there were clashes between local people and government officials; slum dwellers who were told that their houses would be removed by government bulldozers unless they agreed to being sterilized.

关于邦政府在强力推进绝育运动中所犯的过激行为的消息在全印度传开，包括那些未实施绝育计划的地区。消息包括：给予地方学校教师和政府官员绝育任务配额；村民若不接受绝育则无法获得贷款或许可；政府官员为了完成任务配额（或避免生活补贴的损失）强行将村民带往绝育营；在匆忙设立的绝育营中，部分病人因感染或其他原因死亡；在德里的图克曼门和北方邦部分地区，警察在当地居民与政府官员冲突时开枪；贫民窟的居民被告知，如果不接受绝育，他们的房屋将被政府的推土机推倒。

例句： The change has been slow and the transition is far from complete, yet India’s energy and climate policies would be completely unrecognizable to an observer attending the Earth Summit of 1992 or the Kyoto Protocol negotiations in 1997.

这一转变进程缓慢而且尚未完成。然而，若将视角回溯至1992年的地球峰会或1997年的京都议定书谈判，可以清晰地看到，当今的印度在能源和气候政策上已经发生了翻天覆地的变化。

例句： The North had a moral responsibility to assist the developing countries by transferring the technology.

因此，北方国家应当承担道德责任，通过技术转让协助发展中国家。

例句： So while the traditional patterns of resource use were mostly localized, which limited the scale of ecological destruction, the British colonial administration transplanted an industrial approach that commodified and commercialized India’s vast natural resources.

与此同时，传统的资源利用模式主要是局部化的，从而影响了生态破坏的规模。但英国政府引入了工业化的开发模式，将印度丰富的自然资源商品化、商业化。

例句： It was only with the second five-year plan that the Indian government decided to double down on heavy industrialization in a systematic manner.

直到第二个五年计划，印度政府才决定系统性地加强重工业化。

例句： While the relative importance of different causes is hard to establish, it is clear that natural causes played a key role.

虽然不同原因的相对重要性难以确定，但显而易见，自然原因发挥了关键作用。

例句： By 2016, this number had dropped to about 2.3, which is close to the estimated replacement rate of 2.2.

到 2016 年，这一数字已降至约 2.3，接近估计的人口替代率 2.2 （人口替代率是指每个女性在其一生中平均生育的孩子数量，以维持人口的稳定。如果每个女性平均生育的孩子数量等于2.2，那么人口将以相对稳定的速度增长。如果生育率高于2.2，人口将继续增长；如果生育率低于2.2，人口将逐渐减少。）。高于2.2，人口将继续增长；如果生育率低于2.2，人口将逐渐减少。）。

例句： Considering that both the United States and the European Community were moving ahead with emissions reductions, and the Montreal Protocol had directed signatories to stop trade with nonmembers, India, along with China and other developing countries, decided to join the Montreal Protocol in exchange for modest financial support and extended timelines for phasing out ozone-depleting substances.

鉴于美国和欧洲共同体正在积极推行排放削减，并且《蒙特利尔议定书》规定签约国应停止与非成员国的贸易往来，印度与中国及其他发展中国家最终决定加入《蒙特利尔议定书》，条件是获得适当的财政援助和延长淘汰臭氧层消耗物质的期限。

例句： No other major economy has a population density comparable to India's.

世界上没有其它主要经济体能与印度的人口密度相提并论。

例句： This movement does not reject modern technology but argues that for a country like India, technologies that do not require large capital investments are more appropriate.

虽然它并不完全排斥现代科技，而是强调在像印度这样的国家，不依赖巨额资本投资的技术方案更具适宜性。

例句： India’s energy economy in 1971, in other words, is a thing of the past. The kind of energy poverty that characterized India during the first three decades of independence has almost entirely disappeared from the world.

换言之印度在1971年的能源经济已然成为过去，曾困扰印度独立后三十年的能源贫困在世界范围内已不复存在。

例句： With over 90 percent of India’s population dependent on firewood for their daily cooking needs at the time, the Citizen’s Report played a pioneering role in recognizing smoke from cooking as a major threat to public health.

在那一时期，超过九成的印度人口依赖柴火来满足日常烹饪的需求，而《公民报告》在这一背景下，发挥了引领作用，首次强调了烹饪过程中产生的烟雾对公共健康构成的巨大威胁。

例句： Before economic reforms, India’s energy consumption was minimal.

在印度实施经济改革之前，其能源消费水平相对较低。

例句： For comparison purposes, the Indian government reports that 238 million people lived within the boundaries of contemporary India in 1901.

相对地，印度政府的数据显示，当时印度境内有2.38亿人口居住。

例句： Global inequity in greenhouse gas emissions gave India a new rhetorical weapon against the global North, yet Indian policy makers were also concerned about possible international constraints on the country’s “carbon budget” for economic growth.

世界各地温室气体排放的不公，为印度提供了一种反击全球北方的新语言，但与此同时，印度的政策制定者也对国际社会可能对其经济发展中的“碳预算”施加的限制深感忧虑。

例句： To set the stage for an analysis of India’s contemporary environmental problems, this chapter describes some basic facts about Indian society and reviews the country’s environmental history.

在分析印度当代环境问题之前，本章主要介绍印度社会的基本情况，并回顾了该国的环境历史。

例句： An uprising by sepoys—Indians serving in the British armed forces—in Meerut, forty miles northeast of Delhi, erupted into a series of rebellions in North and Central India.

在德里东北方向40英里的密鲁特（Meerut），印度兵（在英国军队服役的印度人）发动起义，随后蔓延至在印度的北部和中部。

例句： This Convention can ...be viewed as a gain for us since it not only supports the actions we are already taking for the conservation of our biodiversity, but also creates a firm link between the transfer of genetic resources and the return transfer of biotechnology which uses those resources.

这个公约对我们来说可视为一项进步，它不仅支持我们为保护生物多样性所采取的措施，还建立了遗传资源转移与利用这些资源的生物技术之间的坚实联系。

例句： The Constitution of India was written by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, a prominent intellectual of the formerly untouchable Mahar caste. It bans caste-based discrimination and provides certain reservations for people belonging to certain castes or tribes.

作为曾经的“贱民”马哈尔种姓，著名知识分子B. R. Ambedkar 博士出生于一个被称为"贱民"的种姓群体，是《印度宪法》的主要起草者之一，该宪法禁止基于种姓的歧视，并为属于某些种姓或部落的人提供特定的保留职位。

例句： In the colonial era, Indian industry was weak and, in many sectors, actually declined from the precolonial era, before the British East India Company began expanding its control of India in the seventeenth century.

在英国的殖民统治下，印度的工业十分薄弱，相较于前殖民时代，尤其在17世纪英国东印度公司扩张之前，许多领域就已经开始衰退。

例句： In this section, I briefly review the human-nature relationship in India before the arrival of the British colonialists.

在本节中，我将简要回顾英国殖民者到来之前印度的人与自然关系。

例句： In his capacity as the state minister of environment and forests, Ramesh abandoned India’s traditional position in global climate negotiations and suggested that India would contribute to the global climate regime.

拉梅什放弃了印度在全球气候谈判中的传统立场，建议印度为全球气候机制做出贡献。

例句： For comparison purposes, the Indian government reports that 238 million people lived within the boundaries of contemporary India in 1901.

相对地，印度政府的数据显示，当时印度境内有2.38亿人口居住。

例句： Word spread throughout India (including areas without a sterilization program) of some of the excesses committed by state governments aggressively carrying out the sterilization campaign: quotas assigned to local school teachers and other government officials; villagers who could not obtain loans or licenses unless they agreed to sterilization; government officials who, desperately seeking to meet their quotas (or paying the penalty of not receiving their dearness allowances) forcibly dragging villagers, young and old, to nearby sterilization camps; hastily constructed sterilization camps where some patients became infected or died; police firings at Turkman gate in Delhi and in parts of Uttar Pradesh when there were clashes between local people and government officials; slum dwellers who were told that their houses would be removed by government bulldozers unless they agreed to being sterilized.

关于邦政府在强力推进绝育运动中所犯的过激行为的消息在全印度传开，包括那些未实施绝育计划的地区。消息包括：给予地方学校教师和政府官员绝育任务配额；村民若不接受绝育则无法获得贷款或许可；政府官员为了完成任务配额（或避免生活补贴的损失）强行将村民带往绝育营；在匆忙设立的绝育营中，部分病人因感染或其他原因死亡；在德里的图克曼门和北方邦部分地区，警察在当地居民与政府官员冲突时开枪；贫民窟的居民被告知，如果不接受绝育，他们的房屋将被政府的推土机推倒。

例句： The Green Revolution was a development of major import to India, as it brought modern environmental concerns to public view.

绿色革命对印度的社会经济格局产生了深远的影响，尤其是在引入现代环境议题至公共领域方面（合二为一：绿色革命无疑为印度的农业和环境治理带来了前所未有的转变。）。对印度的社会经济格局产生了深远的影响，尤其是在引入现代环境议题至公共领域方面（合二为一：绿色革命无疑为印度的农业和环境治理带来了前所未有的转变。）。

例句： Because India is an equatorial country and most of the population has a relatively dark skin, the worst effects of ozone depletion—in particular, skin cancer—would not harm India.

作为赤道国家，印度大部分人口肤色较深，臭氧层耗竭带来的严重后果（如皮肤癌）对印度的影响有限。

例句： If India was known as the reliable laggard, opposed to any proposal to mitigate global environmental problems, this simplistic understanding would no longer do.

如果曾经印度以其在任何全球环境问题减缓提议上的反对态度而被标签为落后的可靠代表，那么这种过于简单化的看法现已不复存在。

例句： These changes reflect India’s economic development and deepening domestic environmental crisis.

这些政策上的变迁既是对印度经济发展的反映，也是对其日渐严峻的环境危机的回应。

例句： Because India is an equatorial country and most of the population has a relatively dark skin, the worst effects of ozone depletion—in particular, skin cancer—would not harm India.

作为赤道国家，印度大部分人口肤色较深，臭氧层耗竭带来的严重后果（如皮肤癌）对印度的影响有限。

例句： While India thus has relatively abundant domestic coal resources for power generation, it is almost entirely dependent on imports for oil and gas, compromising India’s energy security and adding to its trade imbalance problem.

因此，虽然印度国内拥有相对丰富的煤炭资源用于发电，但其石油和天然气几乎完全依赖进口，不仅对印度能源安全构成威胁，还加剧了印度贸易不平衡问题。

例句： This variation in rainfall, which could be exacerbated by climate change, is a key reason why surface and groundwater irrigation is so critical for India’s agriculture.

这种降雨量的变化可能会因气候变化而加剧，因而地表水和地下水灌溉对印度农业至关重要。

例句： Gandhian thought still has support among many popular movements and intellectuals, but the Indian government and business elites have a strong preference for technological modernization and economic development.

尽管甘地的思维在众多的民间运动与知识界中依然有所回响，但无疑，印度的政府与商界精英更看重的是技术的革新与经济的繁荣。

例句： As we shall see, this heavy dependence on foreign energy has been an important driver of India’s efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels over time.

正因如此，对外部能源的重度依赖是促使印度长期以来致力于减少对化石燃料依赖的重要推动力。

例句： Traditionally, the caste system both prescribes the primary occupation of the jati members and proscribes intercaste marriage, along with several other social interactions.

传统上，种姓制度既规定了种姓成员的主要职业，也禁止种姓间通婚以及其他一些社会交往。

例句： It is fair to say that India’s role in global environmental politics has undergone a dramatic transformation.

可以毫不夸张地说，印度在全球环境政治舞台上的角色已发生深刻变化。

例句： For the first time, commodity prices in London shaped the exploitation of nature in India. Forests, in particular, saw rapid depletion in the hands of the British.

这是第一次，印度的资源开采受到远在伦敦的商品价格的影响，其中，森林在英国的管理下，经历了空前的掠夺。

例句： If India was known as the reliable laggard, opposed to any proposal to mitigate global environmental problems, this simplistic understanding would no longer do.

如果曾经印度以其在任何全球环境问题减缓提议上的反对态度而被标签为落后的可靠代表，那么这种过于简单化的看法现已不复存在。

例句： In fact, the only countries listed in 2012 by the World Bank Development Indicators as having a lower level of per capita energy consumption than India in 1971 were Bangladesh, Niger, South Sudan, and Yemen.

事实上，根据世界银行发展指标在2012年列出的数据，唯有孟加拉国、尼日尔、南苏丹和也门的人能耗低于1971年的印度。

例句： 45 Again, these numbers show how little progress India had made in reducing rural energy poverty.

这些数据再次印证，印度在减轻农村能源匮乏方面取得的进展微乎其微。

例句： A milestone for the British East India Company was the Battle of Swally in Surat, Gujarat, in 1612, where British troops achieved a decisive victory over their Portuguese opponents.

1612年，在古吉拉特邦的苏拉特，Swally战役爆发，英国军队在此次战役中击败葡萄牙，取得了决定性胜利，这对英国东印度公司具有里程碑意义。

例句： In 1947, when India gained independence, the country’s economic development was limited to a small number of urban areas that the British colonial administration developed into centers of industry and commerce.

1947年，印度宣告独立，但当时的印度，经济的脉搏仅仅跳动在那些英国殖民者精心打造的城市工商业中心（印度经济发展受限于少数几个城市地区，这些地区是英国殖民政府发展起来的工业和商业中心）。

例句： It is already the third largest economy in the world, behind only the United States and China, when measured in terms of purchasing power parity—that is, considering the low cost of goods and services in India.

以购买力平价为衡量标准（考虑到印度商品和服务的低成本），印度已经成为仅次于美国和中国的世界第三大经济体。

例句： In his capacity as the state minister of environment and forests, Ramesh abandoned India’s traditional position in global climate negotiations and suggested that India would contribute to the global climate regime.

拉梅什放弃了印度在全球气候谈判中的传统立场，建议印度为全球气候机制做出贡献。

例句： As forest resources dwindled on the British islands, the demand for timber for navy and industry from the colonies grew dramatically.

当英国本岛的森林资源日益枯竭时，他们对殖民地，尤其是供给海军和各种工业用途的木材的需求却急剧上升。

例句： In the negotiations on the Montreal Protocol of 1987 to stop ozone depletion to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992, India established itself as a staunch defender of national sovereignty and poor countries’ right to pursue economic development on their own terms.

从1987年《蒙特利尔议定书》关于阻止臭氧层耗竭的谈判，到1992年联合国气候变化框架公约，印度一直是坚定地捍卫国家主权及贫困国家按照自身条件追求经济发展的倡导者。

例句： For comparison purposes, the Indian government reports that 238 million people lived within the boundaries of contemporary India in 1901.

相对地，印度政府的数据显示，当时印度境内有2.38亿人口居住。

例句： In the 1960s India had a rude awakening as the combination of rapid population growth and poor harvests prompted a food security crisis.

到了20世纪60年代，人口快速增长、粮食歉收，引发了粮食安全危机。

例句： Expanding from the Gangetic plains, the Mauryan Empire expanded further south, colonizing river valleys and investing in irrigation works that further contributed to agricultural surpluses.

摩揭陵帝国从恒河平原扩张到南方，殖民了河谷地区，并投资于灌溉工程，进一步促进了农业剩余产量的增加。

例句： As Rangan notes, “Chipko was a social movement that emerged in the Garhwal Himalaya. Today, transformed by a variety of narratives, it exists as a myth.”

Rangan有感而发道：“Chipko，这场源于加尔瓦尔喜马拉雅的社会运动，在多重叙事的雕琢下，今已化为传说。”何以此运动如此触动人心？因为它直面这时代的环境难题，展现了弱者同样有力量，为世界四方的基层行动注入了希望。

例句： India’s import substitution strategy made /lobbying for specific subsidies and resistance to coordinated industrial policy /a rational strategy for India’s great business houses. As a result, industrialization failed, and the Indian economy languished for four decades after independence.

印度选择了进口替代战略，因而大型企业集团在寻求特定补贴和反对集体工业策略上有了合理的动机，导致了工业化的失败，使得印度在独立后的四十年间经济发展停滞。

例句： India has a relatively advanced service sector, which amounts to 54 percent of value added; industry, in contrast, produces only 30 percent of value added.

相比之下，印度的服务业相对先进，占到了增加值的54％；而工业仅占到增加值的30％。的54％；而工业仅占到增加值的30％。

例句： The CSE report in 1982 did emphasize indoor air pollution as an environmental problem.

在1982年的CSE报告中，室内空气污染被明确标识为一个重要的环境议题。

例句： Word spread throughout India (including areas without a sterilization program) of some of the excesses committed by state governments aggressively carrying out the sterilization campaign: quotas assigned to local school teachers and other government officials; villagers who could not obtain loans or licenses unless they agreed to sterilization; government officials who, desperately seeking to meet their quotas (or paying the penalty of not receiving their dearness allowances) forcibly dragging villagers, young and old, to nearby sterilization camps; hastily constructed sterilization camps where some patients became infected or died; police firings at Turkman gate in Delhi and in parts of Uttar Pradesh when there were clashes between local people and government officials; slum dwellers who were told that their houses would be removed by government bulldozers unless they agreed to being sterilized.

关于邦政府在强力推进绝育运动中所犯的过激行为的消息在全印度传开，包括那些未实施绝育计划的地区。消息包括：给予地方学校教师和政府官员绝育任务配额；村民若不接受绝育则无法获得贷款或许可；政府官员为了完成任务配额（或避免生活补贴的损失）强行将村民带往绝育营；在匆忙设立的绝育营中，部分病人因感染或其他原因死亡；在德里的图克曼门和北方邦部分地区，警察在当地居民与政府官员冲突时开枪；贫民窟的居民被告知，如果不接受绝育，他们的房屋将被政府的推土机推倒。

例句： The Indian delegation applauded the principle of differentiated responsibilities, the central role of financial assistance, and the emphasis on additionality in financial assistance.

代表团对于责任差异化的原则、财政援助的中心地位，以及对财政援助中额外性的强调表示了赞许。的中心地位，以及对财政援助中额外性的强调表示了赞许。

例句： Within India, regional differences are significant.

印度国内存在显著的地区差异。

例句： This uneven pattern of development reflects both an advanced service sector, with major strengths in fields such as medicine and information technology, and the weakness of the industrial sector, especially the light industries such as textiles, which played such a critical role in China’s escape from poverty.

这种不均衡的发展模式既反映了服务业的先进性，尤其在医疗和信息技术等领域具有重要优势，也反映了工业部门的薄弱，特别是轻工业（如纺织业），这这些行业在中国摆脱贫困过程中起到了至关重要的作用。

例句： The Chipko movement became a hit in the global environmental scene.

在环保领域，Chipko运动可谓声名远扬。

例句： The caste system is worth noting in a study of energy and environment because caste-based discrimination raises the possibility of environmental injustice and inequality in energy access.

种姓制度所带来的社会歧视（基于种姓的歧视）可能导致环境不公正现象和能源获取不平等问题，因此，种姓制度对能源和环境研究具有重要意义（至关重要）。

例句： In the colonial era, the clash of indigenous and colonial natural resource regimes gave rise to widespread social conflicts that contributed to calls for independence.

当殖民的阴霾笼罩这片大地，印度的土地管理观念与殖民者之间产生了碰撞，进而引发了一系列的社会冲突，争取独立的声音愈发高涨。

例句： In contrast, the appropriate technology movement “strives for a working synthesis of agriculture and industry, big and small units, and western and eastern (or modern and traditional) technological traditions.”

与此形成鲜明对比的是，适当技术运动追求的是农工结合、大小企业融合，以及西方与东方技术传统的有机统一。

例句： A particularly complicated but important feature of Indian society is the caste system.

种姓制度是印度社会特别复杂但又十分重要的存在。

例句： The Indian delegation applauded the principle of differentiated responsibilities, the central role of financial assistance, and the emphasis on additionality in financial assistance.

代表团对于责任差异化的原则、财政援助的中心地位，以及对财政援助中额外性的强调表示了赞许。

例句： While India thus has relatively abundant domestic coal resources for power generation, it is almost entirely dependent on imports for oil and gas, compromising India’s energy security and adding to its trade imbalance problem.

因此，虽然印度国内拥有相对丰富的煤炭资源用于发电，但其石油和天然气几乎完全依赖进口，不仅对印度能源安全构成威胁，还加剧了印度贸易不平衡问题。

例句： Cooking fuel access was far worse, with only 6 percent of all rural households being able to access liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), the dominant clean cooking fuel in India.

而烹饪燃料的情况更为严峻，仅有6%的农村住户能够获取液化石油气（LPG）——印度主流的清洁燃烧燃料。

例句： The British Empire disrupted the traditional pattern of natural resource use in India, "their political victory equipping the British for an unprecedented intervention in the ecological and social fabric of Indian society."

大英帝国打破了印度传统的自然资源利用模式，"他们的政治胜利赋予了英国人深入干预印度社会的生态和社会结构的能力"。

例句： Here Weiner’s analysis of the momentous importance of this campaign in the 1977 parliamentary elections is worth quoting at length:

韦纳对这一运动在1977年议会选举中所产生的深远影响进行了深入分析，这一分析非常值得详细引用：

例句： Famous for his opposition to industrialization and the Western lifestyle, Gandhi saw economic growth in its modern form as an obstacle to moral and spiritual development.50 Among the many famous Gandhi quotes, these words summarize his position particularly well: “The world has enough for everyone’s need, but not for everyone’s greed.”

他坚决反对盲目的工业化和追求西方化的生活模式，认为那样的经济增长阻碍了人们的道德追求和精神追求。在他众多的名言中，有这样一句话尤为凝练地反映了他的观点：“世界上的资源足以满足每个人的需要，但无法满足每个人的贪欲。”

例句： A milestone for the British East India Company was the Battle of Swally in Surat, Gujarat, in 1612, where British troops achieved a decisive victory over their Portuguese opponents.

1612年，在古吉拉特邦的苏拉特，Swally战役爆发，英国军队在此次战役中击败葡萄牙，取得了决定性胜利，这对英国东印度公司具有里程碑意义。

例句： In precolonial India, both natural resource conflicts and indigenous environmental protection were important themes.

在那远古的印度，与大自然的冲突与环境的珍视交织成了那个时代的主旋律。

例句： India’s position in global environmental politics, rather, reflects the country’s mixed record in dealing with energy and environmental problems.

实际上，印度在全球环境政治中的位置表明，在环境和能源政策上，印度既有值得肯定的方面，也有需要改进和解决的问题。

例句： It is already the third largest economy in the world, behind only the United States and China, when measured in terms of purchasing power parity—that is, considering the low cost of goods and services in India.

以购买力平价为衡量标准（考虑到印度商品和服务的低成本），印度已经成为仅次于美国和中国的世界第三大经济体。

例句： At this time, infant mortality began to decrease, if perhaps slowly, as improvements in public health reached India, with Protestant missionaries and their health facilities playing an important role.

这一时期，得益于公共健康条件的逐步改善，尤其是新教传教士带来的健康设施，婴儿死亡率开始缓慢下降。

例句： Historically, the caste system is based on a hierarchic organization of social groups called varnas, ranging from the lowest rung of “untouchables”—a practice that is fortunately slowly losing its relevance—to the priestly Brahmins.

从历史上看，种姓制度的基础是一种称为 "瓦尔纳"（varnas）的社会群体等级组织，从最低层的 "贱民"到祭司婆罗门，值得庆幸的是，种姓制度的影响力正在减弱。

例句： According to the Malthusian trap theory, any gains made in the availability of food and other necessities will generate population growth, which again results in resource scarcity.

根据马尔萨斯陷阱理论，当食物和其他必需品的供应增加时，这会直接引起人口的增长，从而再次造成资源稀缺。

例句： As we shall see, residential solid fuel use remains a major environmental problem in India.

正如我们稍后将探讨的，住宅中的固态燃料使用在印度仍是一个重要的环境难题。

例句： Where technological progress dominated, agricultural surplus contributed to social and economic development more broadly.

当技术进步占据上风时，农业的经济盈余为更为宏观的社会经济格局注入了活力。

例句： The Narmada dam also became a major theme in global environmental activism.

纳尔玛达大坝同样成为全球环境主义运动的一个主要议题。

例句： The Neolithic revolution prompted hunter-gatherers to domesticate animals and cultivate plants around 10,000 B.C., and in the coming millennia these practices spread to South Asia from the Middle East through what is now Pakistan.

新石器革命来临，狩猎采集者在公元前10000年左右开始驯化动物、种植植物，这些做法并在接下来的几千年中，从中东经由现在的巴基斯坦传播到南亚地区。

例句： Thus, in the case of pharmaceuticals, the need to make drugs cheaply and widely available to the predominantly poor population of India was the main logic behind the government's encouragement of local innovation and competition by allowing only process patents, as well as its retention of broad compulsory licensing powers in order to keep the prices of essential drugs under control.

在制药领域，为了确保药品对广大贫困人口的廉价且广泛供应，政府通过仅允许工艺专利、保留强制许可权来鼓励本地创新和竞争，以控制基本药物的价格。

例句： The Dutch East India Company traded along the Indian coast, but over time their presence diminished as they shifted their attention to the Dutch East Indies, known today asg Indonesia.

荷兰东印度公司曾沿印度海岸线进行贸易，但随着时间的推移，他们的焦点最终转向了荷兰东印度群岛（即今天的印度尼西亚），逐渐在印度销声匿迹。

例句： Today, India is a vibrant democracy with a population of 1.4 billion people and a GDP per capita of about US$2,000.

今天，印度是一个充满活力的民主国家，拥有 14 亿人口，人均国内生产总值约为 2000 美元。

例句： In this section, I briefly review the human-nature relationship in India before the arrival of the British colonialists.

在本节中，我将简要回顾英国殖民者到来之前印度的人与自然关系。

例句： The Ministry of Environment and Forests argued:

环境与森林部这样阐述了他们的观点：

例句： To set the stage for an analysis of India’s contemporary environmental problems, this chapter describes some basic facts about Indian society and reviews the country’s environmental history.

在分析印度当代环境问题之前，本章主要介绍印度社会的基本情况，并回顾了该国的环境历史。

例句： The World Bank withdrew its support to the dam in 1994, after the Save Narmada Movement mobilized to resist the environmental and social impacts on the tribal population.

1994年，在拯救纳尔马达运动动员起来抵制对部落人口的环境和社会影响之后，世界银行撤回了对大坝的支持。

例句： None of them begins with the notion of sustainable development in a market-based economy, where clean technology and smart policies and regulations are integral to environmental protection.

它们都未从一个市场经济中的可持续发展出发，也未强调清洁技术和智能政策和规范是环保不可或缺的部分。

例句： At that time, only one-third of the rural population had electricity at home.

在那个时期，仅有农村人口的三分之一享有家庭电力供应。

例句： So while the traditional patterns of resource use were mostly localized, which limited the scale of ecological destruction, the British colonial administration transplanted an industrial approach that commodified and commercialized India’s vast natural resources.

与此同时，传统的资源利用模式主要是局部化的，从而影响了生态破坏的规模。但英国政府引入了工业化的开发模式，将印度丰富的自然资源商品化、商业化。

例句： The Indian government, with foreign support, invested heavily in rural infrastructure to help farmers gain access to these new crop varieties, distribute fertilizer, and encourage groundwater irrigation with electric pumps.

在国际合作的支持下，印度政府大力投资农村的基础设施建设，旨在帮助广大农民接触到新型农作物品种，优化化肥的分发流程，并积极推广使用电动泵进行地下水灌溉的方法。

例句： An uprising by sepoys—Indians serving in the British armed forces—in Meerut, forty miles northeast of Delhi, erupted into a series of rebellions in North and Central India.

在德里东北方向40英里的密鲁特（Meerut），印度兵（在英国军队服役的印度人）发动起义，随后蔓延至在印度的北部和中部。

例句： As the Indian population continued to grow and land mass remained fixed, a certain degree of technological progress was necessary to compensate for the inevitable decrease in land per capita.

在人口蓬勃发展的同时，土地资源的有限性对其施加了不小的压力。

例句： In a chaotic and violent partition, over ten million people were displaced, and the refugee crisis threatened to overwhelm the two young nations.

在混乱和暴力的分治中，一千多万人流离失所，难民危机极有可能压垮这两个年轻的国家。

例句： While India’s first government under Prime Minister Nehru had declared agriculture a top priority, between 1947 and 1960 India had grown increasingly dependent on U.S. food aid. Agricultural productivity had not kept up with population growth, and the country faced a very real threat of famine.

在尼赫鲁总理的首任期间，尽管农业被列为国家的首要战略，印度却在1947年至1960年间越来越依赖美国的粮食援助（对美国的粮食援助产生了深度依赖）此时，农业生产与人口增长之间出现失衡，印度面临着严重的饥荒威胁。（对美国的粮食援助产生了深度依赖）此时，农业生产与人口增长之间出现失衡，印度面临着严重的饥荒威胁。

例句： A milestone for the British East India Company was the Battle of Swally in Surat, Gujarat, in 1612, where British troops achieved a decisive victory over their Portuguese opponents.

1612年，在古吉拉特邦的苏拉特，Swally战役爆发，英国军队在此次战役中击败葡萄牙，取得了决定性胜利，这对英国东印度公司具有里程碑意义。

例句： In 1960, the average Indian woman gave birth to almost six children, although it should be noted that many of them died in infancy due to inadequate healthcare and nutrition.

1960 年，印度妇女平均生育数接近6，但需要指出的是，由于医疗保健和营养不足，许多孩子在婴儿期就夭折了。

例句： It is true that the Chipko tree hugger movement and the movement against dams achieved some high-profile victories, but India’s own economic stagnation did far more to protect the environment than these movements.

不可否认，Chipko抱树运动和反坝运动确实取得了令人瞩目的胜利。但相比之下，印度本身的经济停滞对环境保护的贡献更为显著。

例句： Another major mobilizer of environmental activism in India was the Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada River in the western state of Gujarat.

在印度环境主义运动的发展史中，纳尔玛达河上的萨达尔·萨罗瓦尔大坝在古吉拉特西部邦扮演了举足轻重的角色。

例句： As a result of this dramatic difference, India’s share of global carbon dioxide fell below 3 percent in 1990.

正因为这样显著的差异，印度在1990年全球二氧化碳排放的占比不足3%。

例句： Where technological progress dominated, agricultural surplus contributed to social and economic development more broadly.

当技术进步占据上风时，农业的经济盈余为更为宏观的社会经济格局注入了活力。

例句： Gandhian thought still has support among many popular movements and intellectuals, but the Indian government and business elites have a strong preference for technological modernization and economic development.

尽管甘地的思维在众多的民间运动与知识界中依然有所回响，但无疑，印度的政府与商界精英更看重的是技术的革新与经济的繁荣。

例句： The first major conference on the global environment was the United Nations Conference on Human Development in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972.

1972年在瑞典斯德哥尔摩举行的联合国人类发展会议，标志着第一次全球性的环境议题讨论。

例句： Each primary caste group is divided into a huge number of localized jatis.

每个主要种姓群体又分为大量地方化的 "贾提斯"（jatis）。

例句： They have been opportunities, as the Indian government has highlighted those aspects of India’s energy transition that have been relatively costless and politically unproblematic.

这些主张实际上是机遇的体现，印度政府特别强调了在能源转型过程中成本较低、政治风险较小的方面。

例句： The colonial administration also put a heavy emphasis on expanding arable land and cleared vast areas for commercial agriculture.

殖民政府还大力扩大耕地，为商业农业开垦了大片土地。

例句： Because India is an equatorial country and most of the population has a relatively dark skin, the worst effects of ozone depletion—in particular, skin cancer—would not harm India.

作为赤道国家，印度大部分人口肤色较深，臭氧层耗竭带来的严重后果（如皮肤癌）对印度的影响有限。

例句： In their study of India’s environmental history, Gadgil and Guha note that by the time of India’s great empires, natural resource scarcity had emerged as a major societal concern.

加吉尔（Gadgil）和古哈（Guha）对印度环境史的探讨中揭示，到了印度辉煌的帝国时代，如何平衡有限的自然资源已逐渐成为社会的核心议题。

例句： An unusually hot summer in the United States prompted the U.S. Senate to conduct an investigation, and famed scientist James Hansen argued for mounting evidence on global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions.

那年，美国经历了一场异常酷热的夏天，引起了美国参议院的深入调查，也让科学家詹姆斯·汉森站出来，并指出，越来越多的证据表明，温室气体排放导致全球变暖日益严重。

例句： While the relative importance of different causes is hard to establish, it is clear that natural causes played a key role.

虽然不同原因的相对重要性难以确定，但显而易见，自然原因发挥了关键作用。

例句： Word spread throughout India (including areas without a sterilization program) of some of the excesses committed by state governments aggressively carrying out the sterilization campaign: quotas assigned to local school teachers and other government officials; villagers who could not obtain loans or licenses unless they agreed to sterilization; government officials who, desperately seeking to meet their quotas (or paying the penalty of not receiving their dearness allowances) forcibly dragging villagers, young and old, to nearby sterilization camps; hastily constructed sterilization camps where some patients became infected or died; police firings at Turkman gate in Delhi and in parts of Uttar Pradesh when there were clashes between local people and government officials; slum dwellers who were told that their houses would be removed by government bulldozers unless they agreed to being sterilized.

关于邦政府在强力推进绝育运动中所犯的过激行为的消息在全印度传开，包括那些未实施绝育计划的地区。消息包括：给予地方学校教师和政府官员绝育任务配额；村民若不接受绝育则无法获得贷款或许可；政府官员为了完成任务配额（或避免生活补贴的损失）强行将村民带往绝育营；在匆忙设立的绝育营中，部分病人因感染或其他原因死亡；在德里的图克曼门和北方邦部分地区，警察在当地居民与政府官员冲突时开枪；贫民窟的居民被告知，如果不接受绝育，他们的房屋将被政府的推土机推倒。

例句： India’s autarkic and heavily regulated economy was never able to generate the kind of dynamism that would produce environmental degradation on a large scale.

印度自给自足和高度管制的经济体系从未能产生足够的发展动力，所以无法导致大规模的环境恶化。

例句： If we compare that number to 238 million within modern Indian boundaries in 1901, we see a relatively rapid growth rate of 52 percent over four decades.

将此数据与 1901年印度现代版图内的2.38亿进行对比，可以明显观察到在短短四十年的跨度里，印度人口以 52% 的速度快速增长。

例句： The Dutch East India Company traded along the Indian coast, but over time their presence diminished as they shifted their attention to the Dutch East Indies, known today asg Indonesia.

荷兰东印度公司曾沿印度海岸线进行贸易，但随着时间的推移，他们的焦点最终转向了荷兰东印度群岛（即今天的印度尼西亚），逐渐在印度销声匿迹。

例句： Unlike western environmental activist movements, they are strongly tied to human rights, women’s rights, social justice and equity....

与西方的激进主义者不同，我们的行动与人权、女性的权益、社会公正和平等理念息息相关......

例句： Industrial production, led by textiles, continued to grow until the end of the eighteenth century and all but collapsed when the Industrial Revolution gave British producers a huge advantage（拆分，切断）.

尽管以纺织业为龙头的工业生产一直持续增长到 18 世纪末，但随着工业革命的到来，给英国生产商带来巨大优势，印度曾经强大的纺织业也受到严重冲击，工业生产几近崩溃。

例句： By 2016, this number had dropped to about 2.3, which is close to the estimated replacement rate of 2.2.

到 2016 年，这一数字已降至约 2.3，接近估计的人口替代率 2.2 （人口替代率是指每个女性在其一生中平均生育的孩子数量，以维持人口的稳定。如果每个女性平均生育的孩子数量等于2.2，那么人口将以相对稳定的速度增长。如果生育率高于2.2，人口将继续增长；如果生育率低于2.2，人口将逐渐减少。）。高于2.2，人口将继续增长；如果生育率低于2.2，人口将逐渐减少。）。